In this discussion, the speakers delve into Emmanuel Levinas’ unique approach to reading the Talmud, particularly as outlined in his work “Demanding Judaism” from his book “Beyond the Verse.” Levinas does not view the Talmud merely as a set of legal rulings but as a source of profound ethical dilemmas that remain relevant today. He seeks to uncover moments of moral struggle and questions of responsibility that resonate universally.
Levinas emphasizes the importance of the “face-to-face” encounter, where the face of the other calls us to responsibility, disrupting our complacency and making us aware of the needs of those around us. This concept is reflected in the Talmud’s structure, with its debates and multiple interpretations, serving as a model for ethical engagement.
One powerful example discussed is the story of Timna, whose rejection by the patriarchs led to the birth of Amalek, Israel’s enemy. Levinas uses this story to explore the ethical demand to welcome the other, even those fundamentally different from us, and highlights how personal choices can have far-reaching collective consequences.
Levinas’ method involves focusing on the “saying” over the “said,” paying attention to the subtleties of language and the way arguments are presented. He also explores concepts like the cities of refuge, which illustrate the need for systems of justice and forgiveness due to human fallibility.
The discussion also touches on Levinas’ view of the Talmud as a living dialogue, emphasizing the dynamic process of interpretation and the importance of engaging with the text to uncover ethical insights. Levinas believes that the Talmud’s ethical principles are universal, offering guidance for all humanity, not just Jews.
Overall, Levinas’ approach is about actively engaging with the Talmud, embracing its complexities, and using it as a guide for ethical living in a world full of challenges and uncertainties. His method encourages humility, openness, and a willingness to be transformed by the text.